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Add content: Historical Timeline of the Events of the Tudor Era

The Tudors Timeline

Historical Timeline

of the

Events of the Tudor Era

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Key to events

Battles, treaties, peerages & titles created, coronations, trials, governmental & political events

Births, deaths, arrests, imprisonments, executions, marriages, relationships & personal changes

Art, literature & explorations

Religious, Church, Reformation, Papal, Clergy etc

(work in progress on the key colours)

Date	Event	Comments
August 22nd, 1485	Battle of Bosworth Field - Henry Tudor defeats King Richard III & the Yorkist forces	Thus bringing an end to the War of the Roses. Henry VII became king by right of conquest
December 16th, 1485	Katherine of Aragon is born to Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon
January 18, 1486	Henry VII marries Elizabeth of York	The marriage was a politically savvy one for Henry in that it bound the waring houses of York and Lancaster so the heir to the throne of England would be from both families
March 27, 1489	Treaty of Medina el Campo between England & Spain	Accomplished 3 goals: - the betrothal of Katherine of Aragon & Arthur, Prince of Wales -a common policy of the two countries to France - reduced tariffs between the two countries
June 28th, 1491	Prince Henry Tudor is born	The future King Henry VIII. Out of the three sons of Henry VII: Arthur (d.1502) and Edmund (d.1500), only Henry survived to reign.
March 5, 1496	Italian merchant and explorer John Cabot receives a patent from Henry VII authorizing him to search for land in the New World
June 24, 1497	On his second voyage, Cabot landed in what is today Newfoundland, Canada and claimed it for his patron King Henry VII calling it "Prima Vista"	Although his second voyage was a great success and Cabot was welcomed back to London as a hero, disaster struck during his third voyage when his ship was lost at sea, a major set back for English exploration, the Tudors would not fund another voyage until 1517
1497	The Bonfire of the Vanities occurs in Florence, Italy in which Girolamo Savonarola collected and publicly burned objects considered sinful, including original paintings by Botticelli.
1499 - 1500	Plague outbreak in London	30,000 die
C.1501	Anne Boleyn is born.	Earlier historians considered 1507 to be the accepted date but in 1981, the art historian Hugh Paget successfully demonstarted that a letter Anne had written in 1513 from Brussels when she was a maid of honour in the court, a position which was only open to a 12 or 13 yr old was not the hand of a 6 yr old. [Ives - Life & Death of Anne Boleyn]
November 4th, 1501	Prince Arthur meets his betrothed, Katherine of Aragon for the first time
November 14th, 1501	Katherine of Aragon marries Prince Arthur Tudor	Arthur was 15 years old and Katherine was 16 years old.
April 2nd, 1502	Prince Arthur Tudor, heir to the throne dies.	His younger brother, Henry who is 11 years old becomes heir apparent.
1502	Treaty of Perpetual Peace Treaty signed as part of the marriage negotiations of Margaret Tudor, daughter of the Henry VII of England and James IV, King of Scotland.
February 10, 1503	Henry VII's queen consort, Elizabeth of York dies in childbirth.	The queen delivered a daughter named Catherine who died shortly after birth.
August 8, 1503	Margaret Tudor marries King James IV of Scotland
December 26, 1503	Pope Julius grants dispensation allowing Prince Henry to marry his brother's widow
February 18, 1504	Henry is created the Prince of Wales
November 24, 1504	Isabella of Castille dies
c. 1507	The husband of Lisa del Giocondo commissioned Leonardo da Vinci to paint the 'Mona Lisa'	Shortly after she had 3 teeth pulled and false teeth fitted.
1507	The second outbreak of sweating sickness in England.
c.1508/9	Jane Seymour is born	Her exact birth date is debated but at her funeral 29 women walked in succession & as it was customary for the attendant company to mark every year of the deceased's life in numbers, this implies she was born in 1508.
1508	Michelangelo begins painting (1508-1512) the Sistine Chapel in Rome.
1509	The humanitarian thinker Desiderius Erasmus publishes In Praise of Folly, which he wrote at Sir Thomas More’s home, satirizing the behavior of Church clergy.
April 21st, 1509	King Henry VII dies & King Henry VIII takes the throne.
1509 - 1547 1509 - 1533	King Henry VIII reigns Katherine of Aragon Queen Consort	38 years 24 years
June 11th, 1509	King Henry VIII marries Katherine of Aragon.	He was 18 years old and she was 24 years old.
June 24, 1509	Joint Coronation of King Henry VIII and Queen Katherine of Aragon
January 31, 1510	Queen Katherine of Aragon delivers a stillborn daughter
January 1, 1511	Queen Katherine of Aragon delivers a son, Henry who died 52 days later,leaving Katherine heartbroken
November 1, 1512	Michelangelo's paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel were completed and first exhibited to the public.
c.1512	Catherine Parr is born
August 16, 1513	Battle of Spurs at Therouanne King Henry VIII led an army of 35,000 from England and lands at Calais and surrendered six days later.
September 9, 1513	Battle of Flodden Field, the Scots under King James IV versus the English army headed by Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey.	The largest battle (in terms of numbers) fought between the two nations. Queen Katherine of Aragon sent King Henry the bloody cloak of the dead King of Scotland to verify his death while Henry fought in France.
1513	Anne Boleyn leaves England to become one of 18 maids of honour in the Habsburg court of Margaret of Austria, regent of the low countries for her young nephew Charles who would become Emperor Charles V	Regent Margaret was known as a strict chaperon
October 9, 1514	Mary Tudor marries King Louis XII of France	Henry VIII's sister who is 18 & Louis, a decrepit 52
November 5, 1514	Mary Tudor is crowned Queen of France
1514 - 1521	Anne Boleyn is placed in Queen Claude's (wife of Francis I) retinue & finishes her education in France	Claude was only 15 years old in 1514 & her appearance bordered on deformity but she was known as warm & gentle
January 1, 1515	Louis XII of France dies and Francis I takes the throne
Early February, 1515	Queen Katherine of Aragon gives birth to a male, stillborn child after miscarrying another child in October 1513.
April 1515	Now a widow, Henry VIII's sister Mary Tudor returns to England	Mary Boleyn returns with her
September 22, 1515	Anne of Cleves is born
December 24, 1515	Cardinal Thomas Wolsey is created Lord Chancellor of England
1515/17	Henry VIII establishes the Royal Workshops for armor production at Greenwich headed by Martyn van Royne (active 1515–40).
February 18, 1516	Queen Katherine of Aragon gives birth to Princess Mary Tudor
February 23, 1516	Ferdinand II of Aragon Dies
May 13, 1516	Mary Tudor marries Charles Brandon at Greenwich	Henry VIII's sister
October 31, 1517	Martin Luther nailed up a a list of 95 theses on indulgences denying the pope had any right to forgive sins, on the church door at Wittenberg.	Martin Luther was a German monk whose ideas inspired the Protestant Reformation. He challenged the authority of the Papacy by holding that the Bible was the only infallible source of religious authority and that all baptized Christians are a priesthood. According to Luther, salvation was a free gift of God, received by true repentance and faith.
1518	Treaty of London a non-aggression pact between the major European nations. The signatories were France, England, Holy Roman Empire, the Papacy, Spain, Burgundy & the Netherlands, all of whom agreed not to attack each other and to come to the aid of any that were attacked	Sponsored & designed by Cardinal Thomas Wolsey. Although peace was short lived, it did begin a peace movement which continued for centuries.
November 18, 1518	Queen Katherine of Aragon miscarries another child.

January 12, 1519	Maximilian I, Roman Emperor dies
1516 & 1519	Charles V succeeds both his grandfathers, Maximilian I & Ferdinand II of Aragon
June 15, 1519	The King's teen aged mistress, Elizabeth Blount gives birth to an illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy
February 1520	Mary Boleyn marries William Carey of the Privy Chamber with King Henry VIII as principal guest	It is thought that she became the King's mistress in the year previous to this
June 8-26, 1520	Field of the Cloth of Gold held between King Henry VIII and King Francis I of France. By one French account it apparently turned sour for Henry when he lost a wrestling match with Francis.	Political results were very small. Relations between the two countries worsened soon after the event when Cardinal Thomas Wolsey arranged an alliance with Charles V who declared war on France later that year.
July 10, 1520	King Henry VIII meets Emperor Charles V at Gravelines
January 28 - May 25,1521	The Diet of Worms (Worms was a small town on the Rhine River which is now known as Germany) Charles V presides over a general assembly of the estates of the Holy Roman Empire	Martin Luther is summoned to renounce or reaffirm his views & he confronts Charles who declares him an outlaw requiring his arrest but Luther disappears into exile.
May 17, 1521	Edward Stafford, 3rd Duke of Buckingham, executed for high treason.
August 15, 1521	Treaty of Bruges Secret treaty between Emperor Charles V and King Henry VIII providing for a joint invasion of France before March 1523.	Did not materialise. English staged campaign (autumn 1523), and with minimal help from Charles got nowhere
October 11, 1521	Pope Leo X grants King Henry VIII the title of 'Defender of the Faith'
October 1521	A marriage between James Butler, Earl of Ormonde & Anne Boleyn is proposed
1522	Treaty of Windsor Treaty between England and the Holy Roman Empire. Was to include a marriage between Princess Mary Tudor and the Emperor, Charles V.	Broken in 1525.
November 1521	Anne Boleyn is recalled to England
March 1522	Anne Boleyn made her debut in court & plays 'Perseverance' while Mary Boleyn plays 'Kindness" in a court pageant	Mary Tudor was 'Beauty' & Jane Parker (George Boleyn's future wife) was 'Constancy'
July 24, 1524	Queen Claude (wife of Francis I) dies
February 24, 1525	The Battle of Pavia The Habsburg army defeats the French and King Francis I is captured by Charles V & forced to sign the Treaty of Madrid	Upon his return to France, however, Francis argued that his agreement with Charles was made under duress and also claimed that the agreement was void, as his sons had still been taken hostage suggesting his word alone was not trusted, and he repudiated it.

c. 1524	King Henry VIII no longer shares Queen Katherine of Aragon's bed because she is past childbearing.	Katherine is agd 39 and Henry is 33
c.1525	Katherine Howard is born
Jun 18, 1525	Henry Fitzroy, illegitimate son of Henry VIII is created Duke of Richmond. Thomas Boleyn is created Viscount Rochford.
1526	German-born artist Hans Holbein the Younger first visits England
February 1526	King Henry VIII starts courting Anne Boleyn	Henry is aged 35 & Anne 25 (in accordance with to a birth date of 1501)
July, 1526	Charles V marries Isabella of Portugal, spurning young Mary	Charles needed a wife and could not afford to wait for Mary to grow up. Isabella brought a vast dowry and promise of future land conquests. Henry takes his anger out on Katherine.
1527	Treaty of WestminsterTreaty between King Henry VIII of England and Francis I of France against Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire
May 6, 1527	German and Spanish troops under Emperor Charles V sack Rome, Pope Clement VII is taken prisoner
May 17, 1527	Ecclesiastical court established at Westminster to hear King Henry VIII's arguments requesting an annulment of his marriage to Queen Katherine of Aragon
June 22, 1527	King Henry VIII tells Queen Katherine of Aragon he doubts the validity of their marriage	After 18 years of marriage, Henry decides that the biblical scripture that says a couple would be childless if a man married his brother's widow was the reason they had no living son. Katherine states that her union with his brother was never consummated & she had borne him children but Henry's mind is made up.
September 1527	King Henry VIII asks the Pope for an annulment
September 29, 1528	Cardinal Campeggio sent by Pope to hear Henry VIII's case
May 31, 1529	Legatine court opens at Black Friars
June 21, 1529	King Henry VIII and Queen Katherine of Aragon (along with Cardinal Thomas Wolsey) appear before the legatine court.	Katherine kneels before the king and begs for "pity and compassion" and declared that she was a virgin when she married him. Henry VIII delivers a speech outlining his scruples about his marriage.
August 3, 1529	Treaty of Cambrai also called the Paix des Dames (The Ladies' Peace) because it was negotiated by Louise of Savoy , mother of King Francis & regent in his absence, and Margaret of Austria, aunt of Emperor Charles & regent of the Netherlands	Agreement ending one phase of the wars between King Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V, temporarily confirming Spanish (Habsburg) control in Italy.
August 1529	Sir Thomas More, on the continent, helps negotiate a general peace between all the major players in Europe.	The peace will hold for fifteen years
1529	The "Sweating Sickness" hits Europe	100,000 die. This was the 4th virulent episode. France was spared.
October 17, 1529	Henry VIII strips Cardinal Wolsey of his titles of office.	This was due to his failure to secure permission from the Pope an annulment of his marriage to Katherine
October 26, 1529	Sir Thomas More appointed Lord Chancellor of England to replace Cardinal Wolsey
December 8, 1529	Sir Thomas Boleyn created Earl of Wiltshire
June 1530	King Henry VIII convenes a meeting of lords and prelates to sign a letter to Pope Clement asking that he grant the king's request for an annulment of his marriage	Sir Thomas More does not sign the document.
July 4, 1530	Eleanor of Habsburg (Charles V's favourite sister) marries Francis I	as part of "the Ladies' Peace" treaty
September 1530	King Henry VIII issues a proclamation preventing enforcement of any papal bull inconsistent with his own view concerning the unlawfulness of his present marriage	Sir Thomas More openly expresses his disagreement with Henry's action, believing it to be a direct attack on the authority of Rome.
November 29, 1530	Cardinal Thomas Wolsey dies at Leicester while en route to London to be executed.	He had begun a secret plot to have Anne Boleyn forced into exile and he began communication with Katherine and the Pope, to that end. When this was discovered, Henry ordered Wolsey's arrest
Early 1531	An angry King Henry VIII summons the clergy to Westminster, where he demands reimbursement for the costs of sending a delegation to Rome after it failed to achieve its goal of securing an annulment of his marriage.	Henry also demands that he be recognized as the "sole protector and supreme head of the English Church and clergy." In the Parliament, John Fisher, the Bishop of Rochester, expresses strong disagreement with giving this new title to Henry.
February 11, 1531	Parliament first recognises King Henry VIII as the Supreme Head of the Church of England
March 1531	Sir Thomas More tells the House of Lords that King Henry VIII is seeking annulment of his marriage not "out of love for some lady," but for reasons of conscience.
Late May, 1531	A group of royal councilors meets with Queen Katherine of Aragon and unsuccessfully urges her to drop her opposition to the annulment of her marriage to King Henry VIII.
July 14, 1531	King Henry VIII and Queen Katherine of Aragon separate and he banishes her from court
March 1532	Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex acting on behalf of the king, moves to limit the authority of the Church (and Sir Thomas More) to punish heretics.
Early May 1532	Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex prepares a bill to transfer powers of the Church to Parliament. Cromwell also asks that the bishops be denied their longstanding authority to arrest heretics--an action that Sir Thomas More cannot stomach.
May 15, 1532	In accord with king's demands, the clergy submits, thus accepting that all ecclesiastical law required royal consent. The submission effectively makes King Henry VIII the head of the Church of England.
May 16, 1532	Sir Thomas More resigns as Lord Chancellor	Henry tells More, "For your service you have done me, you will find me a good and gracious lord..."
September. 1, 1532	Anne Boleyn created Marchioness of Pembroke	Anne accompanies Henry on a state visit to Calais, France
November 15, 1532	Pope Clement VII threatens King Henry VIII with excommunication if he does not leave Anne and return to his lawful wife Katherine
January 25, 1533	Henry & Anne Boleyn marry in a secret ceremony
March 30, 1533	Thomas Cranmer is appointed Archbishop of Canterbury.
May 23, 1533	Archbishop Thomas Cranmer declares the marriage of King Henry VIII and Queen Katherine of Aragon to be invalid	Even threatening Henry with excommunication if he visited Katherine
May 28, 1533	Thomas Cranmer validates King Henry VIII& Anne Boleyn's marriage
1533 - 1536	Anne Boleyn Queen Consort	3 years "a thousand days"
June 1, 1533	Coronation of Anne Boleyn
Summer 1533	Sir Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex begins an investigation into the activities of Sir Thomas More
June 25, 1533	Mary Tudor, younger sister of Henry VIII, dies at Westhorpe, Suffolk.
July 10, 1533	It is reported that Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk and George Boleyn, caught up with the French court. While they were there both the Earl of Surrey and Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Richmond became violently sick, at the same time. Richmond was so ill, that for a while, it was feared he might die.	The boys had shared a cup of wine and the physicians thought the symptoms were characteristic of poisoning. Because the wine had been shared, Richmond had not taken enough to kill him. George Boleyn was found to have departed immediately the boys became ill, leaving all his luggage and entourage behind. Later, George Boleyn's wife, Jane Boleyn stated that Anne and her brother had tried to poison the Duke of Richmond and Princess Mary Tudor.
July 11, 1533	Pope Clement VII excommunicates King Henry VIII & his advisers (including Thomas Cranmer)
September 7, 1533	Anne Boleyn gives birth to Princess Elizabeth Tudor
November 25, 1533	Henry Fitzroy, Henry VIII's illegitimate son, marries Mary Howard (daughter of Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk) Anne Boleyn is said to have worked for this pairing
February 1534	Parliament enacts the Act of Annates, which provides that bishops in England will be selected by the king. Parliament also indicts Elizabeth Barton for treason by a Bill of Attainder. A bill drafted by Sir Thomas Cromwell, Earl of Essex identifies Bishop Fisher and Sir Thomas More as among her accomplices.	Cromwell requests More visit him for an informal meeting on the issues of the king's marriage annulment and papal supremacy More reaffirms his belief in papal supremacy based, he claims, on a writing of Henry himself. He adheres to a policy of silence on the matter of the king's marriage
March 5, 1534	Sir Thomas More writes letters to Henry VIII and Thomas Cromwell stating his loyalty to the king, denying any conspiracy with Barton, and expressing his desire to see the king's interests furthered.	The same month More is called to appear before the king's commissioners. The commissioners threaten More, and call him a "villainous" servant, but depart without taking action against him.
March 23, 1534	Parliament passes the Act of Succession. Only children of King's marriage to Anne Boleyn are his lawful heirs	The Act also specifies various offenses, such as "derogating" the royal family, to be treasonous. Most significantly for More, the Act also requires all of the king's subjects to take an oath promising to maintain "the whole effects and contents of the present Act."
March,1534	Pope Clement VII declares the marriage between Henry VIII and Katherine valid
April 12, 1534	While leaving church, Sir Thomas More is handed a summons to appear before the king's commissioners at Lambeth Palace and take the oath of succession.
April 13, 1534	Sir Thomas More leaves Chelsea for Lambeth after telling his family he will likely be imprisoned. At Lambeth, More, when asked to take the oath, requests to see both it and the Act of Succession. More tells the commissioners that although he will deny nothing contained in the oath, he would not swear to it	Asked a second time to take the oath after being threatened with imprisonment, More again refuses to do so--and also refuses to explain why he refuses to take the oath. More is turned over to the Abbot of Westminster, who keeps him for four days
April 17, 1534	Sir Thomas More is imprisoned in the Tower of London
Apr 20, 1534	Elizabeth Barton, known as the "Nun of Kent" is executed for high treason at Tyburn.
May 11, 1534	King Henry VIII makes peace with Scotland
July, 1534	Anne Boleyn delivers a stillborn baby
September 25, 1534	Pope Clement VII dies
November 1534 - Early 1535	A bill is introduced, and later enacted, called the Act of Supremacy, which declares Henry to be the supreme head of the Church of England	Also, Parliament considers, and eventually enacts, the Treason Act which makes it a capital offense to "maliciously wish, will, or desire, by words or writing" to deny to members of the royal family their "dignity, title, or name of their royal estates." Parliament also targets More with and Act of Attainder for "intending to sow sedition" by his refusal to take the oath.
Christmas 1534	Henry discusses with Cranmer and Cromwell the chances of leaving Anne Boleyn without having to return to Katherine of Aragon
January 15, 1535	King Henry VIII assumes the title "Supreme Head of the Church."
May 2, 1535	Sir Thomas More meets with Cromwell and four others in a room at the Tower. He was told that Henry VIII demanded his opinion on the recently enacted Act of Supremacy.	More said that he refused to "meddle" in such affairs. Although told that the king would be merciful if he consented to the Act, More says that his whole concern now is for his living the best possible Christian life.
Late May 1535	King Henry VIII is angered to learn that the Pope has made Bishop Fisher, an outspoken opponent of his marriage to Anne Boleyn, a cardinal.
June 3, 1535	Sir Thomas More appears for a third interrogation before Cromwell and other councilors of the king. He is asked to give an oath to the supremacy of Henry as head of the Church of England, but he remains silent.
June 1535	Solicitor-General Richard Rich visits More's cell and takes away his books and writing materials. Rich later will testify that during the course of his visit, More, in responding to a hypothetical question, suggested that Parliament had no more power to enact the Act of Supremacy than it did to pass a law declaring God not to be God.	More's statement, if actually made, would violate the Treason Act because it denied the king's title as the supreme head of the Church. (More later denies ever making any such statement to Rich.) Two days later, More is questioned by official investigators--a sort of preliminary hearing for his trial.
June 22, 1535	Five days after being convicted of treason, John Fisher is beheaded on Tower Hill.
June 26, 1535	A special commission is established to hear the case of Sir Thomas More
June 28, 1535	A 2000-word indictment accusing Sir Thomas More of treason is presented to the special commission.
June 1535	Anne Boleyn has a miscarriage	Rumoured & not all historians record this
July 1, 1535	Sir Thomas More is tried for treason in Westminster Hall. More pleads "not guilty,"After one hour of deliberation, the jury of twelve men finds More guilty.
July 5, 1535	Sir Thomas More's wife, Alice, visits her husband in the Tower. He gives her a letter composed in charcoal for his daughter Margaret. By this time, he also knows that his sentence had been commuted by Henry from disembowelment to beheading.	the transcript of the letter appears on Sir Thomas More's character profile here on the Wiki
July 6, 1535	Execution of Sir Thomas More
September 10, 1535	King Henry VIII visits Sir John Seymour at Wolf Hall, Savernake, Wiltshire. He meets his daughter, Jane Seymour for the first time.
November 1535	King Henry VIII begins courting Jane Seymour
1536	Act of Union - annexation of Wales and all existing laws to England	Current borders between England and Wales are established, marcher lordships are abolished, English becomes the only permissible language for public office
January 7, 1536	Death of Queen Katherine of Aragon
January 8, 1536	Both Henry & Anne appear in joyful yellow from top to toe and 16 month old Princess Elizabeth is paraded triumphantly in Church that sunday morning
January 24, 1536	King Henry VIII's horse falls heavily in the tiltyard at Greenwich knocking him unconscious for 2 hours
January 29, 1536	Anne Boleyn delivers a stillborn son	The Aragonese Faction which supported Mary, The Seymour Faction & Thomas Cromwell joined in mobilising against the Boleyns
January 29, 1536	Queen Katherine of Aragon buried at Peterborough Abbey
February , 1536	Rumours start circulating about the future of Anne Boleyn & Jane Seymour amongst the foreign ambassadors
March, 1536	Henry sends Jane Seymour a letter & a purse of sovereigns. She returns it unopened.	The letter impies a summons to the King's bed. Jane showed her price was now marriage and nothing less.
1536	Hans Holbein the Younger becomes court painter to Henry VIII and paints numerous portraits and drawings of the king and his wives
April, 1536	Jane's brother, Edward Seymour and his wife are moved to rooms which are connected through a secret passage to the king's apartments which allows Henry private access to Jane Seymour
April 30, 1536	Mark Smeaton arrested on suspicion of adultery with the Queen
May 1, 1536	Anne Boleyn is arrested and taken to the Tower of London through Traitor's gate. Sir Henry Norris arrested	Note: Before the early 17th century, Traitor's Gate was simply called the Water Gate.
May 2, 1536	George Boleyn arrested for incest/adultery with the Queen
May 4, 1536	Sir Francis Weston and Sir William Brereton arrested
May 5, 1536	Sir Thomas Wyatt and Sir Richard Page arrested
May 15, 1536	The Trial of Anne Boleyn	It is estimated that some 2000 people attended. Anne conducted herself in a calm and dignified manner, denying all the charges against her
May 16, 1536	Thomas Cranmer sees Anne Boleyn in the Tower and hears her confession.	The following day, he pronounces the marriage of King Henry VIII & Anne Boleyn null and void
May 17, 1536	Mark Smeaton, Henry Norris, Francis Weston, William Brereton and George Boleyn are executed by beheading
May 19, 1536	Anne Boleyn is executed at Tower Green	Henry's last act of "kindness" was to pay for a swordsman from France to behead Anne instead of the usual Axe.
May 20, 1536	Henry VIII betrothed to Jane Seymour
May 30, 1536	Henry & Jane Seymour are married	Henry is aged 45 and Jane is 28 (given that her accepted birthdate is 1508)
1536 - 1537	Jane Seymour Queen Consort	16 months
June 4, 1536	Jane Seymour is declared Queen consort
June 22, 1536	Mary Tudor writes to her father accepting her illegitimate status, the annulment of her parents marriage, and her father's position as Supreme Head of the English Church	An action she would regret for the rest of her life.
July 6, 1536	At Jane Seymour's insistence, Mary Tudor meets with her father for the first time since the divorce of her mother.
July 22, 1536	Henry Fitzroy, illegitimate son of Henry VIII, dies of tuberculosis aged 17 years	There had always been the possibility that Fitzroy could have succeeded him, but now Henry VIII was left with only two daughters, both declared illegitimate.
May 27, 1536	Trinity Sunday, there was a Te Deum sung in St Paul's cathedral for joy at the queen's (Jane Seymour) quickening of her child, the lord chancellor, lord privy seal and various other lords and bishops being then present; the mayor and aldermen with the best guilds of the city being there in their liveries, all giving laud and praise to God for joy about it.'	Bonfires were lit and celebrations held throughout England; prayers were offered for a safe delivery
1536 - 1539	Dissolution of the Monasteries - destruction and closure of 560 monasteries religious houses
October, 1536	William Tyndale known as "the father" of the English Bible is burned at the stake in Belgium .	After a decade of alluding capture for his "crime" of publishing the New Testament translated in English.
October 1 - 10, 1536	Linolnshire Uprising after the closure of Louth Abbey
October 13, 1536	Pilgrimage of Grace rebellion. Robert Aske led a band of nine thousand followers and they entered and occupied York. Henry authorised Thomas Howard, 3rd Duke of Norfolk to promise a general pardon and a Parliament to be held at York within a year. Trusting in the king's promises, Aske dismissed his followers.	40,000 men marched through England in protest of the Reformation
January 1537	Promises to Aske & his followers were not kept and a new rising took place in Cumberland and Westmoreland. Upon this, the king arrested Aske and several of the other leaders, such as Lords Darcy, Constable, and Bigod, who were all convicted of treason and executed.	Aske was hung in chains from the walls of York Castle as a warning to other would-be rebels. Martial law was imposed upon the rebellious regions, ending the rebellion.
1537	The Institution of the Christian Man (also called The Bishops' Book), published. It was written by a committee of forty six divines and bishops headed by Thomas Cranmer.	The purpose of the work, along with the Ten Articles of the previous year, was to implement the reforms of Henry VIII in separating from the Roman Catholic Church
October 12, 1537	Birth of Prince Edward
October 15, 1537	Baptism of Prince Edward at Hampton Court
October 23, 1537	King Henry VIII is summoned to his wife's bedside as her last rites are given
October 24, 1537	Jane Seymour dies from illness	Her likely cause of death was puerperal (child bed) fever, a fatal variety of septicemia caused by improper sanitary conditions during labor. She was 29 years old.
1538	Henry VIII authorizes the first publication of "the Great Bible" in English to be read in church services.
1539	Treaty of Toledo Francis I & Charles V agree not to ally with Henry VIII unless by mutual agreement
October 6, 1539	Marriage treaty between Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves signed.
1540	Anne of Cleves Queen Consort	6 months
January 6, 1540	Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves marry
April 1540	Henry VIII begins courting Katherine Howard
April 17, 1540	Thomas Cromwell is created the Earl of Essex
June 18, 1540	Thomas Cromwell is arrested for high treason
July 9, 1540	Marriage between Henry VIII and Anne of Cleves annulled
1540 - 1542	Katherine Howard Queen Consort	19 months
July 28, 1540	Henry VIII and Katherine Howard are married Execution of Thomas Cromwell	Henry is aged 49 and Katherine 15
September 27, 1540	Pope Paul III allows the creation of the Society of Jesus, also known as the Jesuits
August 27, 1541	Katherine Howard appoints Francis Dereham as her private secretary	Dereham was an ex-lover of Katherine's
November 1, 1541	Henry VIII is informed of Katherine's adultery
December 18, 1541	Thomas Culpepper and Francis Dereham are executed for high treason
1542	Crown of Ireland Act - Irish Parliament declares Henry VIII and his descendants (the kings of England) King of Ireland	The position of King of Ireland was abolished after the passage of The Republic of Ireland Act in 1948, however the Crown of Ireland Act was not repealed until the Republic of Ireland passed the Pre-Union Statues Act in 1962. The English monarch is still recognized today in Northern Ireland which is part of the United Kingdom
February 13, 1542	Katherine Howard is executed for adultery and treason Jane Rochford is executed for treason	Katherine was aged approximately 17
December 8, 1542	Mary, Queen of Scots is born to James V of Scotland (King Henry VIII's nephew - son of Margaret Tudor) and Mary of Guise	The six or seven-day-old Mary became Queen of Scotland when her father died at the age of 30,
July 1, 1543	The Treaty of Greenwich between England & Scotland	6 month old Mary Queen of Scots is promised in marriage to Prince Edward Tudor son of King Henry VIII
September 9, 1543	Nine month old Mary is crowned Queen of Scots	The Treaties of Greenwich fell apart soon after Mary's coronation. The betrothal did not sit well with the Scots, especially since Henry VIII suspiciously tried to change the agreement so that he could possess Mary years before the marriage was to take place. He also wanted them to break their traditional alliance with France. Fearing an uprising among the people, the Scottish Parliament broke off the treaty and the engagement at the end of the year.
1543	Hans Holbein the Younger dies from the plague
1543	The Necessary Doctrine and Erudition for Any Christian Man, (also known as the King's Book) was published and attributed to King Henry VIII.	It was a revision of The Institution of the Christian Man, and defended transubstantiation and the Six Articles. It also encouraged preaching and attacked the use of images
1543 - 1547	Catherine Parr Queen Consort	3 and half years
July 12, 1543	Henry VIII and Catherine Parr marry
July 7, 1544	Queen Catherine Parr is appointed Regent of England during the King's absence while he leads troops in France
September 14, 1544	King Henry VIII's forces captures Boulogne
February 27, 1545	Battle of Ancrum Moor English defeated by the Scots at Ancrum Moor
July 19, 1545	sinking of the Mary Rose after engaging the French near Portsmouth	Henry VIII's favorite warship
December 13, 1545	Pope Paul III convenes the Council of Trent	One of the most important councils of the Roman Catholic Church in response to the Protestant Reformation.
April 24, 1546	Henry VIII charters the English Navy
January 28, 1547	Death of Henry VIII, Edward the Prince of Wales succeeds him
January 30, 1547	Edward Seymour declared Lord Protector of England	Elder brother of Jane Seymour.

1547 - 1553	King Edward VI Reigns	6 and half years
February 20, 1547	Coronation of King Edward VI
May 4, 1547	Catherine Parr and Sir Thomas Seymour are secretly wed
September 10, 1547	"Black Saturday", the Scots suffered a bitter defeat by the English Led by Somerset at the Battle of Pinkie Cleugh
August 30, 1548	Birth of Mary Seymour, daughter of Catherine Parr
September 5, 1548	Death of Catherine Parr
January 15, 1549	Act of Uniformity passes House of Lords which outlaws Catholic Mass and introduces the Book of Common Prayer
January 16, 1549	Thomas Seymour is arrested for treason and sent to the Tower of London	This is for his scheming to marry the Princess Elizabeth and to arrange the King to marry Lady Jane Grey, he also planned to usurp his brother as Lord Protector and kidnap King Edward
March 20, 1549	Thomas Seymour is executed for treason
May 20, 1549	Act of Uniformity passes Parliament which forbids other prayer books
June - August 1549	Western Rebellion Rising in the West of England against the Prayer Book and King Edward VI's religious policies. Ended at the Battle of Samford Courtenay
August 18,1549	Battle of Samford CourtenayDefeat of the western rebels by Lord John Russell near Okehampton.
January 22, 1552	Edward Seymour is executed based on trumped up charges of treason
June 21, 1553	King Edward VI signs a statement naming Lady Jane Grey as his successor
July 6, 1553	Edward VI dies
July 10, 1553	Lady Jane Grey is proclaimed Queen of England	"The 9 days Queen"
July 19, 1553	Forces loyal to Princess Mary disperse Suffolk's troops and Lady Jane Grey is imprisoned in the Tower of London
August 3, 1553	Princess Mary and her supporters enter London in triumph
October 1, 1553	Coronation of Queen Mary I
1553 - 1559	Queen Mary I reigns	6 years
October 5, 1553	Mary holds her first Parliament which rules the marriage of Henry VIII and Katherine of Aragon legitimate
January 22, 1554	Sir Thomas Wyatt's army occupies Rochester	Thomas Wyatt the Younger
February 7, 1554	Sir Thomas Wyatt surrenders
February 12, 1554	Execution of Lady Jane Grey and her husband
March 18, 1554	Princess Elizabeth is arrested and taken to the Tower of London

March 21, 1556	Thomas Cranmer is burned at the stake for heresy

June 7, 1557	England declares war on France
July 16, 1557	Anne of Cleves dies
January 7, 1558	The French capture Calais from the English	Calais had been English territory for 200 years. With the loss of Calais, England also lost its only home port on the Continent.

April 24, 1558	Marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots the Dauphin Francois at Notre Dame cathedral in Paris
summer 1558	Protestant exile John Knox first published his pamphlet "The first Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women" a diatribe against women rulers as "unnatural"	The target of Knox's work were specifically Catholic female monarchs such as Mary Tudor of England and Mary Stuart of France and Scotland. Despite this, and the fact it was written before her reign, Queen Elizabeth I took his claims as a personal insult and denied Knox passage back to his native Scotland in 1559.
November 17, 1558	Death of Queen Mary, Princess Elizabeth succeeds her
January 13, 1559	Coronation of Queen Elizabeth I
1559 - 1603	Queen Elizabeth I Reigns	44 years
December 5, 1560	Death of King Francois II of France	Mary loses the French crown, her mother-in-law, Catherine de'Medici, became regent of France because her son Charles IX is too young to rule
April 26, 1564	William Shakespeare is baptised in Stratford-upon-Avon
July 29, 1565	Mary, Queen of Scots marries Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley
September 8, 1565	Spanish admiral Pedro Menendez de Aviles founds St. Augustine, Florida	The oldest city in the United States 21 years before English settlers first founded the colony in Roanoke, Virginia
June 19, 1566	Mary, Queen of Scots gives birth to Prince James
February 10, 1567	Lord Darnley is murdered	It is rumoured that Mary, Queen of Scots played a role in her husband's disposal
July 24, 1567	Mary, Queen of Scots is forced to abdicate her throne	Her son James succeeds her as King James VI of Scotland

1572	Treaty of Blois Treaty between England and France.	The English hoped thereby to isolate Spain and to prevent France invading Flanders.
August 24, 1572	A number of Protestant leaders are murdered during the St. Bartholemew's Day Massacre in Paris	French Protestants gain sympathy across Europe, especially in England, but Elizabeth refused to enter England into another war with France
April 4, 1581	Sir Francis Drake is knighted by Queen Elizabeth	After having completed the first complete circumnavigation of the world by an Englishman
June 4, 1584	Sir Walter Raleigh establishes a colony on Roanoke Island, named Virginia after the Queen
July 22, 1587	151 English settlers arrive on Roanoke Island, Virginia
February 8, 1587	Execution of Mary Queen of Scots
August 8, 1588	Destruction of the Spanish Armada
May 30, 1593	Christopher Marlowe is murdered	playwright, poet, translator, and alleged spy
March 24, 1603	Death of Queen Elizabeth I, King James VI of Scotland succeeds her	End of the Tudor dynasty
late March 1603	Union of the Crowns - Act that proclaimed the kingdoms of Scotland and England would have a shared monarch but remain separate states	In 1604 James would declare himself "King of Great Britain", it was later in the Stuart dynasty in 1707 that the union of Great Britain was created
July 25 1603	Coronation of King James I	James Stuart (who became James I of England) was the great-grandson of Margaret Tudor and the son of Mary Queen of Scots, Margaret's granddaughter. His father, Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley was also a grandson of Margaret Tudor. Therefore, James was descended from the House of Tudor from both parents.
June 29, 1613	Shakespeare's Henry VIII (alternative title, All is True) is performed at the Globe Theatre in London	During a scene in which a canon was fired for special effects, the thatched roof caught fire and the theatre burned down.

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